Contact investigation is an evidence-based intervention of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) to protect public health by interrupting the chain of transmission. In pursuit of contact investigation, patients’ MDR-TB status has to be disclosed to third parties (to the minimum necessary) for tracing the contacts. Nevertheless, disclosure to third parties often unintentionally leads the MDR-TB patients suffered from social discrimination and stigma. For this reason, patients are less inclined to reveal their MDR-TB status and becomes a significant issue in contact investigation. This (...) issue certainly turns into a negative impact on the public interest. Tension between keeping MDR-TB status confidential and safeguarding public health arises in relation to this issue. Regarding MDR-TB management, patient compliance with treatment and contact investigation are equally important. Patients might fail to comply with anti-TB therapy and be reluctant to seek healthcare due to disclosure concerns. In order to have treatment adherence, MDRTB patients should not live through social discrimination and stigma arising from disclosure and TB team has a duty to support them as a mean of reciprocity. However, implementation of contact investigation as a public health policy can still be challenging even with promising reciprocal support to the patients because MDR-TB patients are living in different contexts and situations. There can be no straight forward settlement but an appropriate justification for each distinct context is needed to strike a balance between individual confidentiality and public interest. (shrink)

Il passo della Retorica (1358 a 10-21) dove è introdotta la distinzione óo e i' è uno dei più controversi dell'opera aristotelica. Il presente lavoro propone un chiarimento della natura e del ruolo di óo e i' nella costruzione di un'argomentazione dialettico-retorica. Tale chiarimento viene presentato attraverso un confronto tra Topici e Retorica che, se pur espressamente evidenziato da Aristotele stesso, sembra essere stato trascurato da quanti si sono occupati dell'esegesi di tale sezione della Retorica.

En “Los estadios eróticos inmediatos, o el erotismo musical” de O lo uno o lo otro I (OO I) aparece una relación entre la música y los límites del lenguaje, donde ésta es presentada como el límite de la palabra precisamente porque hace referencia a lo demoníaco en el sentido de la fuerza de la naturaleza (Naturmagten). La fuerza de la naturaleza no puede expresarse por medio de la palabra ya que ésta es inmediata y el lenguaje implica una mediación. (...) Por tanto, sostenemos que en OO I, hay un inicio de la problematización del lenguaje y sus límites, en cuyo contexto se entiende lo demoníaco como fuerza de la naturaleza. En este sentido, en OO I, para el pseudónimo A, lo demoníaco representa lo que no puede manifestarse por medio del lenguaje, pero sí por medio de la música. (shrink)

A noção de “concepção” ocupa um lugar central na teoria do conhecimento perceptual de Thomas Reid, embora “concepção” possa ser estudada por si como uma fonte de conhecimento. Neste estudo, procura-se expor sistematicamente os vários contextos em que Reid aborda a fonte de conhecimento e o tipo de operação mental chamada “concepção”. Oo objetivo é compreender um aspecto específico do desempenho da “concepção” na teoria reidiana da percepção, a saber, uma relação direta, não mediada por ideias, entre o sujeito cognoscente (...) e o mundo exterior. Eentender a operação de conceber, intrínseca à e constituinte da percepção, é um meio eficaz de compreender a natureza e o conteúdo do conhecimento perceptual. Nesse passo, considerações sobre a relação mente e mundo exterior, isto é, mente e mundo material precisam ser feitas. (shrink)

A noção de “concepção” ocupa um lugar central na teoria do conhecimento perceptual de Thomas Reid, embora “concepção” possa ser estudada por si como uma fonte de conhecimento. Neste estudo, procura-se expor sistematicamente os vários contextos em que Reid aborda a fonte de conhecimento e o tipo de operação mental chamada “concepção”. Oo objetivo é compreender um aspecto específico do desempenho da “concepção” na teoria reidiana da percepção, a saber, uma relação direta, não mediada por ideias, entre o sujeito cognoscente (...) e o mundo exterior. Eentender a operação de conceber, intrínseca à e constituinte da percepção, é um meio eficaz de compreender a natureza e o conteúdo do conhecimento perceptual. Nesse passo, considerações sobre a relação mente e mundo exterior, isto é, mente e mundo material precisam ser feitas. (shrink)

Human subjects research has increased in Myanmar since 2010 and, accordingly, the establishment of research ethics committees has increased review of these research studies. However, characteristics that reflect the operations of RECs in Myanmar have not been assessed. To assess the structures and processes of RECs at medical institutions in Myanmar, we used a self-assessment tool for RECs operating in low- and middle-income countries. This tool consists of the following ten domains: organizational aspects, membership and ethics training, submission arrangements and (...) materials, meeting minutes, policies referring to review procedures, review of specific protocol and informed consent items, communication a decision, continuing review, REC resources and institutional commitment. We distributed this self-administered questionnaire to RECs from 15 medical institutions in Myanmar and one representative from each REC completed this questionnaire and returned it anonymously. We used descriptive, bivariate and multivariate statistics to analyse the data. Out of a maximum 200 points, the total mean score for Myanmar medical institutions was 112.6 ± 12.77, which is lower compared with the aggregate mean score of 137.4 ± 35.8 obtained from RECs in other countries. Domains in which the average percentage score was less than 60% included organizational commitment, membership and ethics training, continuing review and REC resources. Many RECs have a diverse membership and appropriate gender balance but lacked essential policies. The results show that for Myanmar RECs, there is significant room for improvement in their “structures and processes” as well as the extent of institutional commitment. The self-assessment tool proved to be a valuable method to assess the quality of RECs. (shrink)

Myanmar has recently surfaced from total military rule and efforts at conducting research to enhance the health of the population has increased during the recent democratization process, both from the military and civil sectors as well as support from international agencies. International guidelines mandate that such research requires prior ethics review in accordance with international standards. Previous commentators have expressed concerns, however, regarding the degree of adequate training in research ethics for investigators, the optimal functioning of Research Ethics Committees, and (...) the extent of responsible conduct in research in low and middle-income countries. Such concerns might also be applicable to Myanmar, especially since it has recently emerged from a long period of military rule where there has been lack of basic freedoms and human rights abuses. We herein review the current gaps in research ethics capacity in Myanmar, the status of the existing RECs and the current efforts to establish training programs to enhance capacity in research ethics. (shrink)

Berislav Maru%si'c explores how we should take evidence into account when thinking about future actions, such as resolving to do something we know will be difficult. Should we believe we will follow through, or not? He argues that if it is important to us, we can rationally believe we will do it, even if our belief contradicts the evidence.

Study of a classical critic of Avicenna's views on the existence and nature of God.

Three-quarters of children in Myanmar face developmental barriers and risk-increasing conditions such as poverty, broken families, and difficulty accessing basic requirements. These children rely heavily on institutionalization. Given the adverse effects of institutional systems, knowing the differing impacts of sociodemographic and cultural factors is foundational to aiding healthy personal outcomes. Thus, this study focused primarily on enhancing the resilience of children in a monastic school through a dhamma-based school intervention. A three-phase mixed quantitative-qualitative research design was applied: a descriptive survey, (...) an experimental research method, and an interview session. Three-hundred sixty-nine middle school students from five monastic schools completed the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and personal information forms. Regarding the sociodemographic group, hierarchical multiple regression revealed a significant predictive role of positive relationship with caregivers and community support in resilience. Furthermore, we experimentally examined the effectiveness of the program on resilience and related themes in a mixed factorial design. A paired-sample t-test, and two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the intervention significantly improved resilience. Interview results evidenced the current conditions and the beneficial impact of the intervention in enhancing personal strengths. This study not only provides empirical evidence for the instant, follow-up, and transfer effects of the program but also holds implications for authorities and stakeholders in the context of social welfare for needy children regarding contributions to advance culturally well-suited programs and, consequently, the population’s mental health. (shrink)

Avicenna; 980-1037; criticism and interpretation; liberty; philosophy; Islamic philosophy.

The study aims to describe the process of implementing audiobooks and describe the various challenges faced by teachers. This research is qualitative research with a phenomenological approach. This research was carried out in 5 provinces, namely West Sumatra, the Special Region of Yogyakarta, North Kalimantan, Gorontalo, and North Maluku. Each province selected representatives from elementary, middle, high school, and special schools who have implemented audiobooks. Informants are teachers and students who have used audiobooks. The process of collecting data from teachers (...) was carried out using the interview method and students through FGD. Data analysis in this research uses a thematic analysis model. The results of this research indicate that the initial challenges in using audiobooks are variations in the availability of facilities, students' digital literacy, and students' learning styles. Before starting learning, teachers must ensure that they are ready to accompany (understand audiobooks technically and substantively), ensure that students understand the technicalities of using audiobooks, and design learning according to the student's profile. Things that should be ensured in the learning process with audiobooks are (1) ensuring students' psychological and substantive readiness, (2) facilitating students who are able to learn quickly or slowly, and (3) being ready to respond to situations of student boredom and maximizing audiobooks as supporting materials to study independently. The biggest challenge is minimizing the potential for boredom, maintaining concentration, and ensuring that the information presented can be understood by students. (shrink)

The problem of cultural environment is not new, but the use of the theory on cultural environment is clearly a new approach to the consideration of familiar questions. That is the problem, is it true that the context has become such that man, as an individual, is becoming increasingly smaller, weaker, more tightly defined and restrained, in a society which is steadily developing in the direction of becoming multi-dimensional and ambiguous with its “logic of imposition”? As for the cultural environment, (...) is it true that the part in it where man has no right to choose, the part which he is compelled to adapt to, will grow bigger and bigger than the part each individual, each community can create, build, and amend? More concretely, is it true that the European rationalist and anthropological culture has become too “classical” and “secular,” now getting replaced by a “fast-food culture” or “stewing-pot culture”? Or is it only a “superficial choice” of globalization times? Is the present philosophy too weak, leaving society to the mercy of less-than-clairvoyant logics of life, in which “such environment, such man” is only one of many behavioral logics which are not too bad in modern social relation? Or has the role of philosophy itself changed - the “Flat world” philosophy now deprived of the responsibility to control, regulate, and, as necessary, determine the context, as it was in the past? Base upon reliable qualitative and quantitative datas, thepaper prover that: 1. If natural environment is the regrouping of factors outside the social-human system making conditions necessary for this system to exist and develop, then cultural environment is regrouping of factors inside the social-human system making sufficient conditions for each subsystem of this system to identify itself and progress. 2. Never in the past has the cultural environment in Vietnam been so rich and varied, so dynamic and positive, so encouraging and attractive, with so many opportunities and challenges as is now the case. The degree of richness and diversity, the dynamic and active rhythm of Vietnam’s cultural environment are now enough to foster good ideas and stimulate discovery and creation. But on the flip side, there are still many challenges andattractions, so hopefully every individual, family, and community will become vigilant before the risk of losing the way or making a mistake. (shrink)

On aesthetics intelligence of Hanoi people in Vietnam.

This paper examines the situation of rurally rooted cross-border migrant workers from Myanmar during the Covid-19 pandemic. It looks at the circumstances of the migrants prior to the global health emergency, before exploring possibilities for a post-pandemic future for this stratum of the working people by raising critical questions addressed to agrarian movements. It does this by focusing on the nature and dynamics of the nexus of land and labour in the context of production and social reproduction, a view that (...) in the context of rurally rooted cross-border migrant workers necessarily requires interrelated perspectives on labour, agrarian, and food justice struggles. This requires a rethinking of the role of land, not as a factor in either production or social reproduction, but as a central component in both spheres simultaneously. The question is not ‘whether’ it is necessary and desirable to forge multi-class coalitions and struggles against external capital, while not losing sight of the exploitative relations within rural communities and the household; rather, the question is ‘how’ to achieve this. It will require a messy recursive process, going back and forth between theoretical exploration and practical politics. (shrink)

本书以“认识的意义标准”、“科学的划界”、“科学说明”、“理论与观察”、“确证与归纳”、“科学知识的增长”、“科学知识社会学的相对主义科学观”等八个问题为基本线索,分析研究了科学哲学家们对问题的各种解 决方案及其之间的逻辑联系。.